A few weeks ago, I posted an essay on the community forum about my displeasure with advertising's Madonna/whore representation of women ("Tide is In..."), and some comments after the piece argued that advertising simply reflect society as it is, that society has to change before advertising changes.
I think the discussion is an important one to have, which led me to later interview Jean Kilbourne and GenderAds.com founder Dr. Scott A Lukas, and others, for an article I wrote that explores what effect, if any, the media and advertising have on the way society views and treats women. What prompted the piece was an earlier article in the paper I worked for that referred to a slave owner as a "pimp."
(The article follows.)
Media and the sex slave industry
Federal prosecutors have said one-time East Hartford “pimp” Brian Forbes sold two young women to another “pimp” for a promised payment of more than $1,000 in late 2003.
The sale — for which Forbes never actually received payment, according to prosecutors — came after Forbes had already held the two women in an East Hartford apartment, raped them, and “shared them” sexually with friends, federal authorities charged.
Forbes denied the human-sale allegation, but pleaded guilty to a variety of sex-trafficking crimes, including the use of child prostitutes and threatening serious bodily harm to keep two 18-year-olds in his service after they started working for him voluntarily. He was sentenced this year to 13 years in prison.
“Pimp” is here marked by quotations because, technically, a pimp is a person who solicits clients for a prostitute, and in its most positive interpretation prostitution is a voluntary act entered into by individuals who choose to exchange their bodies for money.
Forbes, in this particular case, was not a pimp, but a slave owner.
The case in East Hartford is by no means unique. According to a 2004 report by John Miller, then director of the federal Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons in Washington, D.C., modern slavery plagues every country, including the United States.
Not an easy question to answer is why our country, considered by many to be a progressive nation at the forefront of securing individual human rights, is one of the principal destinations for 14,500 to 17,000 women and children trafficked annually for the purposes of slavery.
In a 2004 Trafficking in Persons Annual Report, Miller noted that information on slavery is inexact, “but we believe that the majority of slave victims, in the neighborhood of 80 percent, are of the female gender.” He added, “We believe the largest category of slavery is sex slavery.”
Ms. magazine reported in the summer of 2007 that sex trafficking is one of the most profitable crime industries in the world — second only to the drug trade — and that U.S. trafficking victims are most prevalent in New York, Texas, Florida, and California. The question now becomes, how is it females have come to be considered a viable, and apparently an even somewhat palatable, commodity, particularly in the United States?
While it’s not possible to blame the use of female slaves on any one factor, it’s difficult not to question the effect media and advertising could have on a society’s perception of women.
Mabelle M. Segrest, Fuller-Matthai professor of Gender and Women’s Studies and chairwoman of the Gender and Women’s Studies Department at Connecticut College , says that to be objectified is to be turned into an object, and to be commodified is to be turned into an object for sale.
“The sex slave is the ultimate of a commodified body, which I think we are numbed to with all this advertising,” she says. “We’re so used to the female body being commodified.”
Women can be used to sell anything from insurance to perfumes to vacations, Segrest says. Even a phone book advertisement uses a young woman in a tight yellow shirt to draw attention to the publication, and an Internet domain registration Web site uses a large-breasted woman in a tight shirt to lure online customers.
Social activist and media literacy proponent Jean Kilbourne , who with Diane E. Levin co-authored the newly released book, “So Sexy So Soon: The New Sexualized Childhood and What Parents Can Do to Protect Their Kids,” maintains that turning a human being into an object invites abuse.
“When women are constantly shown as objects, the abuse and the violence makes a chilling kind of sense,” she says.
Kilbourne, whose attention to media awareness has been ongoing since the late 1960s, says advertising has a tremendous effect on how men and women operate and view one another, and themselves, in a society.
In her book, “Can’t Buy My Love,” published in 1999, Kilbourne reported companies at the time were spending more than $200 billion on advertising per year.
“If you’re like most people, you think that advertising has no effect on you,” she writes in the book’s opening chapter. “When (Victoria’s Secret) paraded bra-and-panty-clad models across screens for a mere 30 seconds” during the 1999 Super Bowl, “one million people turned away from the game to log on to the Web site promoted in the ad. No influence?”
Kilbourne said in 2003 that the average American was exposed to 3,000 advertisements a day.
In a presentation titled “The Naked Truth: Advertising’s Image of Women,” Kilbourne says the first step in committing a violent crime is to dehumanize the victim. She adds that many advertisements reinforce the idea that a woman’s body is an object.
Scott A. Lukas, chairman of anthropology and sociology at Lake Tahoe Community College and creator of GenderAds. com, a Web site that analyzes advertising images that relate to gender, also says sex slavery goes back to objectification and forms of dehumanization.
“It’s hard to ignore it’s a big issue in our society,” he says. “It says, ‘This person is different from us, this person is less than us, so we can do what we want to them. There’s a movement toward something that leads to breaking down personal barriers that would normally prevent them from doing something wrong.”
Joan C. Chrisler , Psychology professor at Connecticut College and an American Psychological Association and Association for Psychological Science fellow, says the media, in general, is largely responsible for how women are viewed in today’s society.
“Certainly advertising is a big one, but not the only one. Music videos, movies, video games … in cartoons, women’s bodies are often sexualized even if they’re animals,” she says.
The YouTube video “Generation M: Misogyny in Media and Culture ,” released on Aug. 6, provides images of advertisements objectifying women and clips from Gangsta Rap videos portraying women as barely dressed collectibles, symbols of the wealth and status of their male collectors.
Educator Jackson Katz, one of the country’s leading anti-sexist male activists, warns in the video that another generation of women is being trained to please men, “and to know their second-class status — and not complain about it.”
But someone must have complained. Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice said in the June 4 release of the Eighth Annual Trafficking in Persons Report that the United States has devoted more than $500 million in the last seven fiscal years to combat human trafficking globally.
However, the only sure way to substantially curb the success of the sex slave industry is to somehow eliminate demand.
(Originally published Friday, September 26, 2008 in the Journal Inquirer)
Note to editor: The following images were taken from the genderads.com website. There are plenty more like it if you find something else you like:
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Thanks for keeping this conversation in the forefront.
Humans in general are very good at using minute, superficial differences to manufacture inequality. We mustn't lose sight of that. Advertising and the media serve not only as reinforcers but I believe that they provide evidence of how much the human psyche seems to be tied to the desire to have someone else beneath us (socially) either in reality or fantasy.
History suggests that the demand for sex has indeed carried with it an element of exploitation. Whether it's selling of child brides, pillage and rape stye conquests of whole populations, the dowry system, newly soaring HIV rates in women (today, even simply being a married women is a risk factor in some countries), genital cutting, violence against women perpetrated by intimate partners, etc. And while forced prostitution has been around for along time, the surge in sex slavery is just the logical end to recent globalization and the accompanying boom in economies (before the crash) while governments where slow to intervene.
It's not a picture all that different from the globalization and economic expansion that took place upon the arrival of Europeans to the Americas centuries ago, where slavery also played an integral role.
You know, I can't believe the stat that only 1 in 6 women have been sexually assaulted. I just can't. When I was young I was assaulted so often, and I'm no beauty, that I cannot believe this number. It has got to be closer to half the female population. What I believe is the case, is that a whole lot of women out there have been conditioned not to think of what men have done to them as a form of assault. I bet if they did a study on this they would realize how understated the stats on sexual assault really are.
Another problem with the language choices of the media has to do with the word "slave" itself. I heard an anti-slavery activist on the radio, and he pointed out that reporters rarely come out and say that someone was a slave. They say they were held in "slave-like conditions" or were "virtually slaves". He called on the media to stop being afraid of the word- many reporters feel the word is so loaded and historical that it can't really describe modern situations. But if someone is held against their will, made to work without pay, and mistreated, they are a slave. I started listening closely to reports about people (mostly immigrants) who were slaves, usually as maids or in childcare and often to other immigrants, and they never came out and called the victim a slave. We all know what a slave is, we all know what the word means, we need to use it.